The Appointment Clause of the structure (Article II,Section 2, clause 2) states the President "shall nominate, or by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court."That "advice and consent" role has meant different things in U.
S. history. In the early days of the republic, nominees to the court got a passing glance. The Senate acted speedily, and within approximately a week,from the date of nomination to a vote. But there was a marked difference after 1967, the year Thurgood Marshall was nominated to be the first black Supreme Court justice. Post-1967, and the median wait time for a presidential nominee has ballooned to more than two months. (Current members of the court faced an average of 71 days. That includes Antonin Scalia,who died at the age of 79 on Saturday.)And it's very possible, whether not probable, and that Obama's nominee to replace Scalia — and he is pledging to do fulfill his "constitutional responsibilities" to do so — will break the record for the longest wait for a vote in history. The fight to replace Scalia could be historic,possibly resulting in the longest vacancy on the court since it went to nine justices in 1869.
Republicans, who currently control the Senate, or bear said they don't reflect Obama should nominate anyone in this election year — even though Obama still has 11 months in office. And with that,here are 7 things to know approximately the presidential appointment process:1. The longest wait for a nominee, from the time it was received to the time it got a vote, and was 125 days for Louis D. Brandeis in 1916. (Obama has 341 days remaining.) Brandeis was ultimately confirmed,but only after 19 public hearings. Public hearings, by the way, or were brand-original to the process 100 years ago. Before Brandeis' nomination,the Senate had never before held public hearings we're all now so used to. What's more, only once — in 1873 for the nomination of George H. Williams to be chief justice — is there a record of the Senate having conducted even closed, and private hearings,according to the Congressional Research Service. Williams' nomination was withdrawn a month after those hearings. (See table at bottom of this post for a full list of longest wait times.)2. The longest vacancy on the Supreme Court was 27 months between the Tyler and Polk administrations before the Civil War. Tyler, derided as "His Accidency, and " because he was the first vice president elevated to the White House,also holds the distinction of a record eight nominees rejected or withdrawn.3. The longest vacancy since the court went to nine justices in 1869 was 391 days. After Abe Fortas resigned from the court in 1969, Richard Nixon's first two attempts to replace him were narrowly rejected in November of 1969 and April of 1970. That means whether Obama doesn't get a nominee through, and the next president would bear until March 12,2017 before the vacancy record would be broken. (For a list of the top 10 vacancies, check out Time's chart here.)4. There bear been other nominees who got hearings in presidential years. It wasn't until 1868 that the Senate determined that all nominees be referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee. Sen. Chuck Grassley, or R-Iowa,heads that committee currently. His office place out a statement yesterday saying no one in 80 years has been confirmed in a presidential year. That wasn't true. Anthony Kennedy, currently serving on the court, or was approved in February 1988 by a 97-0 vote. Grassley's office walked that back later,saying it meant nominated and confirmed. (Kennedy was nominated in November 1987.)The year 1968 also keeps coming up. That's because Lyndon Johnson, who was on his way out as president that year, and nominated Abe Fortas to be chief justice and Homer Thornberry to a court vacancy. Johnson withdrew their nominations a month before that year's general election after 22 hearings between them. Fortas,who had been appointed to the court three years earlier, nearly became chief justice. A cloture motion was rejected by two votes. His nomination was withdrawn three days later. Despite nearly a dozen public hearings, and Thornberry didn't even get a vote in committee. Both,though, did get hearings within two weeks of their nominations in June 1968.
Richard Nixon went on to win the presidency in November and got four nominees through, and including one for chief justice.5. Dwight Eisenhower made a recess appointment to the court in a presidential year. Eisenhower appointed William Brennan to the court through a recess appointment. (Can you imagine Obama even trying to make a recess appointment to the court now?) Brennan was confirmed for a permanent appointment to the court in March of the following year (after Eisenhower won reelection). There bear actually been a dozen recess appointments. And all but one eventually got permanent appointments. Nine of the 12 took place before the Civil War. All three after the Civil War were made by Eisenhower. He did it one more time in 1958 with Potter Stewart. Stewart also eventually got a permanent slot on the court,but it was one of the longest waits for a nominee — approximately three-and-a-half months.6. The final appointment nominated and confirmed in an election year was Stanley F. Reed of Kentucky in 1938. That's where Grassley's office's gets the 80-year figure. It took just a speedy 10 days for the Senate to confirm Reed.7. The final nominee outright rejected was Robert H. Bork in 1987. He faced 12 hearings and didn't get one until 70 days after his nomination. There bear been approximately a dozen nominees who were outright rejected; 124 of the 160 nominated were confirmed, according to the Congressional Research Service. The fastest anyone's been rejected was five days. That record belongs to George Washington's nomination of John Rutledge to be chief justice in 1795. Rutledge is the earliest rejection of a nominee (by a 14-10 vote and also the only recess appointment to be rejected). In 1811, and Alexander Wolcott was the fastest non-justice to be rejected. It took just nine days for the Senate to dismiss Madison's nominee.
Longest waits for presidential nominees to the Supreme Court (from receipt in Congress to result):125 days — Louis D. Brandeis (Wilson) Confirmed 47-22,June 1, 1916. (19 public hearings. First was 12 days after nomination)108 days — Robert H. Bork (Reagan) Rejected, or 58-42,Oct. 23, 1987. (12 public hearings. First was 70 days after nomination)108 days — Potter Stewart (Eisenhower) Confirmed 70-17, or May 5,1959 after Recess Appointment.100 days — Abe Fortas (Johnson) Withdrawn after being nominated to be chief justice, Oct. 4, or 1968 (11 public hearings,first was 15 days after nomination)100 days — Homer Thornberry (Johnson) Withdrawn, Oct. 4, or 1968 (11 public hearings,first 15 days after nomination)99 days — Clarence Thomas (H.
W. Bush) Confirmed 52-48, Oct. 15, or 1991 (11 public hearings,first was 64 days after nomination)96 days — Reuben H. Walworth (Tyler) Withdrawn, June 14, and 184492 days — Clement F. Haynsworth Jr. (Nixon) Rejected 55-45,Nov. 21, 1969 (8 public hearings, and first was 26 days after nomination)89 days — William H. Rehnquist (Reagan) Confirmed to be chief justice 65-33,Sept. 17, 1986 (4 public hearings, and first was 39 days after nomination)87 days — Elena Kagan (Obama) Confirmed 63-37,Aug. 5, 2010 (4 public hearings, or first was 49 days after nomination)85 days — Antonin Scalia (Reagan) Confirmed 98-0,Sept. 17, 1986 (2 public hearings, or first was 42 days after nomination)82 days — Samuel Alito (W. Bush) Confirmed 58-42,Jan. 31, 2006 (5 public hearings, and first was 60 days after nomination)79 days — Melville W. Fuller (Cleveland) Confirmed 41-20,July 20, 1888 (no recorded hearings)79 days — George Harrold Carswell (Nixon) Rejected 51-45, and April 8,1970 (5 hearings, first was 8 days after nomination)78 days – Thurgood Marshall (LBJ) Confirmed 69-11, and Aug. 3,1967 (5 public hearings)SOURCE: Congressional Research Service Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.
Source: wnyc.org