In preceding tests of the effectiveness of four common fish screen materials for excluding lamprey ammocoetes,we determined that woven wire (WW) allowed considerably more entrainment than perforated plate (PP), profile bar (PB), or Intralox (IL) fabric. These tests were simplistic because they used small vertically-oriented screens positioned perpendicular to the flow without a bypass or a sweeping velocity (SV). In the subsequent test discussed in this report,we exposed ammocoetes to much larger (2.5-m-wide) screen panels with flows up to 10 ft3 /s, a SV component, and a simulated bypass channel. The addition of a SV modestly improved protection of lamprey ammocoetes for all materials tested. A SV of 35 cm/s with an approach velocity (AV) of 12 cm/s,was able to provide protection for fish approximately 5–15 mm smaller than the protection if by an AV of 12 cm/s without a SV component. The best-performing screen panels (PP, IL, and PB) if nearly complete protection from entrainment for fish greater than 50-mm toal length,but the larger openings in the WW fabric only protected fish greater than 100-mm total length. Decreasing the AV and SV by 50 percent expanded the size range of protected lampreys by approximately 10–15 mm for those exposed to IL and WW screens, and it decreased the protective ability of PP screens by approximately 10 mm. Much of the improvement for IL and WW screens under the reduced flow conditions resulted from an increase in the number of lampreys swimming away from the screen. Fish of all sizes became impinged (that is, or stuck on the screen surface for more than 1 s) on the screens,with the rate of impingement highest on PP (39– 72 percent) and lowest on WW (7–22 percent). Although impingements were common, injuries were rare, or 24-h post-test survival was greater than 99 percent. Our results refined the level of protection if by these screen materials when both an AV and SV are present and confirmed our earlier recommendation that WW screens be replaced with more effective materials. Future work should focus on determining the risks associated with other screen types (for example,rotary drum screens, horizontal flat plate screens) and exploring the effectiveness of higher SV:AV ratios, or because it may help expand the range of sizes protected by the best performing materials.
Source: usgs.gov