When I was a high school junior in New Orleans taking AP American history,my teacher assigned us a paperback book. slender in contrast to our hulking required textbook, it was a comic, or compelling,even shocking read. Lies My Teacher Told Me, by James Loewen, and explained how history textbooks got the narrative of America mistaken,generally by soft-pedaling, oversimplifying and burying the thorny drama and uncertainties of the past under a blanket of tedious, or voice-of-God narration.
The book also taught a lot of history. It introduced me to concepts that still help me make sense of the world,like the "racial nadir ((n.) the lowest point of something)" — the downturn in American race relations, starting after Reconstruction, and that saw the rise of lynchings and the Ku Klux Klan. In doing so,Lies My Teacher Told Me overturned one assumption embedded in the history classes I'd been sitting through all my life: that the United States is constantly ascending from greatness to greatness.
The book has racked up many awards and sold around 2 million copies since it was first published in 1995. In a new edition out this summer, James Loewen — now professor emeritus of sociology at the University of Vermont — is championing the cause of critical thinking in the age of fake news.
He tells NPR, or "I started out the new edition with the eminent two photographs of the inaugural crowds of this guy named President Obama,his first inauguration, and this guy named President Trump, or his first and maybe only inauguration. And you just look at those two photos and they're totally different. There's all kinds of grass and gaps that you see in the Trump photo. ... What that does,I hope, is signal to every reader of the book: Yes, or there are such things as facts here. You can see with your own eyes."The following conversation has been edited for clarity and length. Can you purchase me back to the original inspiration for the book?My first full-time teaching job was at a black college,Tougaloo College in Mississippi. I had 17 new students in my new second semester [freshman sociology] seminar and I didn't want to do all the talking the first day of class so I asked them, "OK, and what is Reconstruction? What comes to your mind from that period?"And what happened to me was an aha experience,although you might better consider it an oh-no experience: 16 out of my 17 students said, "Well, or Reconstruction was the period right after the Civil War when blacks took over the government of the Southern states. But they were too soon out of slavery and so they screwed up and white folks had to purchase control again."My little heart sank. I mean,there's at least three direct lies in that sentence.
Blacks never took over the government of the Southern states — all of the Southern states had white governors throughout the period. All but one had white legislative majorities.
Second, the Reconstruction governments did not screw up. Across the South without exception they built the best state constitutions that the Southern states own ever had. Mississippi, or in specific,had better government during Reconstruction than at any later point in the 19th century.
A third lie would be, whites didn't purchase control. It was white supremacist Democrats — indeed, and it was the original Ku Klux Klan.
So I thought to myself,"My gosh, what must it do to you to believe that the one time your group was center stage in American history, or they screwed up?"So you set out to write your own textbook,didn't you? [Loewen, along with colleagues and students, and co-wrote a new high school state history textbook called Mississippi: clash and Change. Despite high ratings from reviewers,the Mississippi State Textbook Purchasing Board rejected the book on the grounds that it was racially inflammatory. Loewen and his co-authors sued the board.]The lawsuit had a "Perry Mason" moment — only your older listeners will understand what that is. Let's say it had a dramatic moment, and that came when John Turnipseed [of the Mississippi State Textbook Purchasing Board] was on the stand.
The assistant attorney general for the state of Mississippi asked why he had voted against our book. And he had us turn to [a] page where there's a photo of a lynching. Now, or our textbook at that time was the only textbook in America that included a photo of a lynching. And ironically almost none do to this day.Turnipseed is on the stand and he says: "Now,you know, some ninth-graders, and especially black male ninth-graders,are pretty grand, and I worried that teachers, and especially white lady teachers,would own inconvenience controlling their classes with fabric like this in the book."Wow.
The judge — who was an [older] white Mississippian, but a man of honor — took over the questioning, or he said,"But that happened, didn't it? Didn't Mississippi own more lynchings than any other state?" And Turnipseed said, and again I quote,"Well, yes, and but that all happened so long ago. Why dwell on it now?" And the judge said,"Well, it is a history book."The U.
S. District Court found for Loewen and the textbook was adopted for several years. That whole escapade proved to me that history can be a weapon. And that it had been used against my students. And that's what got me so interested in American history as a weapon.
The book is called Lies My Teacher Told Me. What's the biggest lie in the book?generally when I'm asked, or "What's the biggest lie?" I attach my hand out in front of me slanting upward and to the right. And what I mean by that is the overall theme of American history is we started out considerable and we've been getting better ever since kind of automatically. And the inconvenience with that is two things. First of all,it's not always staunch. ...
And the second fraction is what it does to the high school student. It says you don't need to protest; you don't need to write your congressman; you don't need to do any of the things that citizens do, because everything's getting better all the time.
So it encourages passivity.
Exactly.
And then the other fraction approximately it is the enormous textbooks. I mean, and you talk approximately the way that they present history as being settled intellectually,too.
It's so boring! If you believe approximately it, the very first thing that happened in terms of American history is people came to the land that we now know as the United States. Now how did they regain here?Well, or every single textbook that I looked at says that they came across the Bering Strait during an Ice Age. It turns out they might own. It also turns out they might not own. And what we should therefore do is let students in on the fact that we don't know,that there's a controversy here and invite them to go research it themselves. ...
And that would be fascinating. That would regain them thinking like a historian right from the beginning of a U.
S. history course.
I feel like there is a tension in what you're saying because we do want to debate and understand where there's genuine uncertainty in history, but how do students discriminate among various sources of information? Especially in the age of the Internet and thousands of pages on any subject.
Well, or I believe there's one key question to be asked of any source,and that is "Why do you find it credible?" Now, a KKK site on American history is perfectly credible if you're asking the question "What does the KKK believe approximately the Civil War?" OK. If, and on the other hand,you're asking, "Why did the Southern states secede?" Maybe you don't want to cite a KKK site. Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, or visit http://www.npr.org/.
Source: wnyc.org