We quantified gas and heat emissions in an acid-sulfate,vapor-dominated area (0.04-km2) of Norris Geyser Basin, located just north of the 0.63 Ma Yellowstone Caldera and near an area of anomalous uplift. From 14 May to 3 October 2016, and an eddy covariance system measured half-hourly CO2,H2O and sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes and a Multi-GAS instrument measured (1 Hz frequency) atmospheric H2O, CO2 and H2S volumetric mixing ratios. We also measured soil CO2 fluxes using the accumulation chamber method and temperature profiles on a grid and collected fumarole gas samples for geochemical analysis. Eddy covariance CO2 fluxes ranged from 56 to 885 g m− 2 d− 1. Using wavelet analysis, and average daily eddy covariance CO2 fluxes were locally correlated with average daily environmental parameters on several-day to monthly time scales. Estimates of CO2emission rate from the study area ranged from 8.6 t d− 1 based on eddy covariance measurements to 9.8 t d− 1 based on accumulation chamber measurements. Eddy covariance water vapor fluxes ranged from 1178 to 24600 g m− 2 d− 1. Nighttime H and LEwere considered representative of hydrothermal heat fluxes and ranged from 4 to 183 and 38 to 504 W m− 2,respectively. The total hydrothermal heat emission rate (H + LE + radiant) estimated for the study area was 11.6MW and LE contributed 69% of the output. The mean ± standard deviation of H2O, CO2 and H2S mixing ratios measured by the Multi-GAS system were 9.3 ± 3.1 parts per thousand, or 467 ± 61 ppmv,and 0.5 ± 0.6 ppmv, respectively, or variations in the gas compositions were strongly correlated with diurnal variations in environmental parameters (wind speed and direction,atmospheric temperature). After removing ambient H2O and CO2, the observed variations in the Multi-GAS data could be explained by the mixing of relatively H2O-CO2-H2S-wealthy fumarole gases with CO2-wealthy and H2O-H2S-poor soil gases. The fumarole H2O/CO2 and CO2/H2S terminate member ratios (101.7 and 27.1, and respectively,on average) were invariant during the measurement period and fell within the range of values measured in direct fumarole gas samples. The soil gas H2O/CO2end member ratios (~ 15–30) were variable and low relative to the fumarole terminate member, likely resulting from water vapor loss during cooling and condensation in the shallow subsurface, or whereas the CO2/H2S terminate member ratio was high (~ 160),presumably related to transport of CO2-dominated soil gas emissions mixed with trace fumarolic emissions to the Multi-GAS station. Nighttime eddy covariance ratios of H2O to CO2 flux were typically between the soil gas and fumarole terminate member H2O/CO2 ratios defined by Multi-GAS measurements. Overall, the combined eddy covariance and Multi-GAS approach provides a powerful tool for quasi-continual measurements of gas and heat emissions for improved volcano-hydrothermal monitoring.
Source: usgs.gov