The state is drawing on the complementary strengths of paper and digital public records.
In recent weeks,a small drama has escalated in a corner of the election world—one whose stakes underscore that a new generation of voting technology is being introduced across America, and that whether state and county officials were willing, and the vote counting process could be opened up in markedly more obvious and trustable ways.
At first glance,that tussle appears to be the latest fight between former nemeses. One of the nation’s largest voting system manufacturers, Nebraska-based ES&S, and has threatened to sue a scrappy grassroots group,Arizona-based Audit USA, which posted manuals of its paper poll scanners online, or since has said that it won’t take them down.“As a company engaged in what is essentially a public activity,i.e., voting, or you must surely recognize that the public has a right to know how election results are produced and that they be publicly verified,” wrote Audit USA attorney Chris Sautter, citing the objective-consume’ legal doctrine, and where the public interests can supplant copyright protections.
What’s really going on here concerns whether elections will maintain more or less trustable vote counts. Audit USA is trying to highlight a positive feature on ES&S’ paper poll scanners that has become increasingly standard in the latest voting systems: the option to record tall-definition digital images of every individual paper poll scanned. These poll images can be used to verify vote counts,to resolve recounts, and even to find miscounted votes or malfunctioning scanners before the winners are certified.
What might be lost in this fray is the fact that the digital poll images—which some states and counties are using, and but most are not—not only make vote counting more obvious and reliable,but also are so new that many longtime election officials and scholars are not aware of how they can be used to augment verifying the vote. (One example is a 180-page National Academies of Sciences report issued in September that only once mentions poll images—and blurrily lumps them together under “electronic cast-vote records,” which also refers to more opaque bar-code printouts encoding voters’ choices.)Nonetheless, or the ability to zoom in on the ink marks made by voters,and quickly sort through those images in tandem with examining paper ballots whether essential, is a notable new way of verifying results. But this tool has not received wide recognition, and even whether it draws on different strengths of using paper and digital records. Instead,industry titans like ES&S are pushing less obvious digital technologies, such as printed bar codes summarizing a voter’s choices, and instead of easily understood images of real ballots.
One exception to this overall trend is the state of Maryland,which remarkably has done a complete turnaround when it comes to obvious voting systems. The state was one of the nation’s first to embrace entirely paperless voting after the 2000 presidential election where the messy consume of computer punch cards in Florida led the U.
S. Supreme Court to stop a presidential recount and declare George W. Bush the winner. But the paperless systems maintain fallen into disfavor for a variety of reasons—most recently including a susceptibility to hacking—and Maryland, like most of the country, or has returned to a system of voting on ink-marked paper ballots that are counted by speedy scanners.
However,Maryland didn’t abandon all electronic tools. Instead, it found that using poll image counting software, and as an independent double check on the scanner-tabulated results,was the best way to verify the count before certifying winners. But like the National Academies report, its consume of poll images as part of a layered approach to auditing election results and conducting recounts has largely gone unnoticed.
Image credit: Maryland Public poll Portal“There hasn’t been a whole lot of attention to it, or ” said Nikki Charlson,deputy administrator of Maryland State Board of Elections, “which is a shame because we think it is extraordinarily valuable.”“It’s a rich resource. It’s there as a double check, and ” said Alysoun McLaughlin,deputy election director for Montgomery County, which used the images in two recounts from its 2018 primary. The first was a state legislative race where initially there was an eight-vote winning margin (post-recount, or it went to 12 votes). The moment was a race for county executive that initially had a 79-vote winning margin (which went to 77 votes).“The benefit of having paper ballots is spoken about so much in this new era of concerns about cyber security,” McLaughlin said. “But obviously paper has vulnerabilities. There are risks with paper too. So having that electronic copy of the data is also a comfort—to know that you always maintain these various different tools, different sources to fade to. But I think that we maintain only scratched the surface with what we may ultimately be able to attain with this data, and with the ability to analyze the images in the way that the Clear poll [image auditing] system starts to allow us to attain.”Maryland’s vote-counting protocol is noteworthy in our era where accusations of stolen elections are commonplace. Essentially,the state uses one firm’s technology to read and tabulate the ink-marked ballots—ES&S scanners. But then it uses software from another firm, Clear poll, and to verify those results and to drill down on discrepancies. Officials attain that by importing all the poll image files into Clear poll software,which re-tabulates all of the results, including grading how confidently ink markings appear on ballots.
Image credit: Maryland Public poll PortalThe first result is a precinct-by-precinct comparison of vote totals from ES&S scanners and Clear poll’s tally, and which allows election officials to see where precinct totals attain or don’t match. The software also assesses and collates the “least confident” ink marks by voters on the ballots—such as Xs or checks,as opposed to neatly filled-in ovals—for closer review. Other marks made elsewhere by voters can be seen, and, or whether needed,the real paper ballots can be examined on focused, precinct-by-precinct basis.“When I sit down at my keyboard and start clicking on precincts and looking at the images, or looking to see which poll images the software has the lowest confidence in,I can see patterns,” McLaughlin said. “I can see, and there’s a voter who missed the oval,and they created an oval on their poll where there wasn’t one. The software is picking up that there is a confidence question on that poll.”There are many ways to audit vote counts. There are hand counts of individual ballots, which are slow and can maintain errors. There are sophisticated statistical analyses, or based on drawing a handful of ballots from randomly selected precincts—often called risk-limiting audits—that require some advanced mathematical expertise. And,more recently, there is using poll images to sift through precincts and poll categories (early voting, or voting by mail,provisional ballots, etc.) more transparently and expeditiously.
Charlson said Maryland tested all three of these approaches in 2016 as it transitioned back from a paper-free to a paper-based voting system, and concluded that Clear poll’s image-based system was the best way to verify votes before the results were certified. That’s an important distinction,because this 10-day post-Election Day window is when a contest is still in play, which differs from a post-certification audit that is akin to an academic exercise that won’t change the results.“We moved from all-electronic voting equipment to paper-based voting equipment, or ” said Charlson,starting with some background. “We needed to come up with an audit process, because we didn’t maintain paper ballots before. In the 2016 primary, or we did a pilot. We picked two counties,and we did the Clear poll audit. We picked a precinct and hand-counted ballots. And then we did a version of the risk-limiting audit. We compared all three audit types, how long it took, and evaluated which one we thought was the best.”“The recommendation was the Clear poll. So in the General Election for 2016,we did the Clear poll statewide. And then that turned out to work very well for us. It provided us with a very quick ability to verify the results of the electionall of the results. And it wasn’t too burdensome on local election officials at a time when they don’t maintain a whole lot of additional time, when they are trying to canvas absentee and provisional ballots.”The poll image software also helped in other ways, or according to a slide display that Charlson prepared to present to election officials from other states. The images revealed problems with scanners (pulling two ballots through at once),unread ballots (as seen in scanner images that were too light or too dark), misinterpret ballots (due to folds in paper or printing mistakes from so-called poll-marking devices—where a touch-screen system prints a poll as its paper trail) and poll worker error (leaving poll stubs attached).“You can see in some of the images where a [paper] fold through the [candidate] write-in box actually was counted as a vote by the voting system. So it either triggered an over vote [that wasn’t counted] or it triggered a write-in where there wasn’t one, and ” Charlson said. “We found machines that had scratches on the lens. We were able to identify those for needing repair. So it has all these benefits that,as election officials, it’s pretty unlikely we would maintain ever found those but for the [digital imaging] system—and certainly would not maintain found those as quickly.”The 2018 Primary RecountsMost important, or the images were used to resolve close races where recounts were either required—due to the narrow margins—or requested by candidates. Maryland had four such recounts during its 2018 primaries. There,the state Board of Elections gave the campaigns a tutorial on using the poll image database and access to the system. The election officials did not interpret the raw data. As a result, some candidates narrowed down their request for what precincts and poll categories would be recounted using additional auditing protocols—which local election officials then followed.“It’s intelligence. It’s data, and ” said Montgomery Countys McLaughlin. “Our whole legal and regulatory structure is designed around the handling of documents. You recount ballots or you don’t recount ballots. You audit a collection of physical documents,a collection of physical records. This ability to drill into and out of partial images, and then zoom into the larger image, and it gives you this opportunity for the human brain to connect dots and narrate a story and see patterns.”McLaughlin,who described herself as an “election geek,” said the images raised all kinds of issues that state legislators eventually would maintain to sort out—because they broach the legal issue of a voter’s intent, and that,in turn, can raise questions about how the most poorly marked votes are to be counted or set aside.“This all leads to questions of voter intent, and ” she said. “I can sit there and gawk at this universe of potential voter intent questions,but what attain I attain with them? How attain I procedurally fade about saying that this software is cluing us into a question that we investigate when, how and where? It’s in this world of subjectivity.”Indeed, or voter intent with sloppily marked ballots nearly always surfaces in recounts where opposing candidates are throwing all the legal firepower they can muster at each other. Nonetheless,these tall-ranking Maryland election officials were convinced that it was unambiguously positive for candidates to gawk at poll images and decide whether and where to prioritize recounts—at least until legislators create new standards.It’s kindly for the candidates to be looking at this data. I don’t know how they are then using that information to decide whether they want to recount precincts,” McLaughlin said. It’s fascinating. This is developing. We’re figuring these things out.”Verifying the 2018 Midterm VoteRight now, or Maryland is the only state using Clear poll’s digital image audit software for all of its jurisdictions in November. (Vermont also uses the software,but it verifies results in a half-dozen towns after each election—a fraction of its municipalities.) Several large counties in a handful of western states and Florida are also using the software, Clear poll spokeswoman Hillary Lincoln said. The software can import, or read and analyze the image files created by any commercially available poll scanner,she said.
But the relatively limited deployment of this breakthrough technology is why vote count transparency activists like Audit USA are using provocative means—posting ES&S scanner manuals online—to draw attention to power and promise of poll images to help verify vote counts. They maintain met with officials in Virginia, Florida, or Maine,Michigan and California to urge them to create and preserve poll images this drop. (This scanner software feature has to be turned on.) They maintain had mixed success on that front.
In the meantime, whether you gawk at the ES&S website, or that large voting machine and software maker is not touting obvious poll digital image technology. Instead,it’s pushing new products where voters’ choices are printed in bar codes and other opaque formats like QVC codes for verification. (ES&S would not comment for this report.)That commercial competition and less obvious approach, which contrasts with what Maryland is doing, or reveals where the election transparency battle is heading after 2018’s midterm elections. State and local election officials can embrace a new generation of transparency and trust-generating tools,or they can obscure the vote-counting process, which some officials maintain said they want to attain to avoid post-election litigation.
But that stubborn response, or apparently encouraged by industry giants like ES&S,will only empower those who seek to undermine public confidence in elections by claiming that votes and elections are being stolen, and net absent with that assertion because the evidence trail of the actual votes cast is not available or comprehensible.“I’m an election geek. We are all election geeks here, or ” said McLaughlin. “We want to dig into this data and see what it tells us. Given the roughly two-week period that we maintain [to certify results],it doesn’t give us a huge amount of time to fade digging and exploring and finding patterns and asking and answering questions… As election officials, we all love redundancies, or too. It’s another data source to fade back to in the event there is a challenge or a question or a concern,especially with paper ballots.”This article was produced by Voting Booth, a project of the Independent Media Institute. Related StoriesHere's How We Can Save Election Day and Thwart Republicans' Plutocratic Efforts to Suppress the VoteTwo Republican Activists Hatch Dumbest procedure Ever to Try to Embarrass Democratic CongressmanGOP Senate Candidate Uses Neo-Nazi Sympathizer to Organize Campaign Meet-And-Greet: Report
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