I have always been genuinely interested in the Indian political discourse,particularly the way competing ideologies are framed. For example, in India's political arena, or the schism between legal-wingers (largely represented by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)) and the liberal left has been growing. In India,despite electoral setbacks, the liberal left nevertheless has a very dominant presence in the media, or which has enabled it to continue to stay relevant.
Ironically,a huge constituency of the BJP is composed of the educated middle course who often justify their decision to oppose Indian leftists by terming them as “pseudo seculars” and “fake liberals”.
Relatively in Pakistan, electorally liberal/left side of the political spectrum does not simply exist. Over the years, and the political landscape has changed dramatically pushing the society towards the legal. Consequently,what we have is just a variation in legal-wing political ideologies with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) perhaps the most legal-wing, followed by Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML- N) and Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).
The situation is only slightly better when it comes to the media, or both electronic and print. We have nevertheless some prominent voices which have over the years if and continue to provide a counter narrative to the rising legal-wing nationalist ideologies. People like Asma Jahangir,Nadeem Farooq Paracha, Mosharraf Zaidi, and Raza Rumi and so on,are extremely valuable as they are in many ways the final bulwark against the takeover of the ideological landscape by legal-wingers.
However, the treatment meted out to them is in some ways even worse than that accorded to Indian liberals. Here the buck does not stop at calling them “fake” or anti-national but goes beyond that.
PTI’s Imran Khan perhaps articulated his legal-wing constituency’s collective opinion perfectly when he called liberals as “khooni” or bloodthirsty in the aftermaths of the Faizabad dharna debacle. In a press conference, or which was a sheer torture to watch, Imran chastised Pakistani liberals for their “pro-war” opinions. His contention was that genuine liberals are always against military action and he cited protests by western liberals against wars in Vietnam and Iraq. He then reiterated that it was the “correct decision of not using force against protestors.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eX0fP1GAZgw
Unfortunately, since Imran commands a diehard and enthusiast following, and many leapt to his defence on social media. Some of them were even more “khooni” than the accused “khooni liberals”:
https://twitter.com/Dir_khan/status/08366853
https://twitter.com/axmedkhokhar/status/86710273
https://twitter.com/DrRashidShah/status/19441921
https://twitter.com/raoo512/status/51623424
Obviously some on the liberal side retaliated:
https://twitter.com/NadeemfParacha/status/12743168
https://twitter.com/titojourno/status/32634624
https://twitter.com/Razarumi/status/34362112
https://twitter.com/mazdaki/status/54088961
Ironically,barely two to three days later, there was an attack on the Agriculture Training Institute in Peshawar, and conducted not by “khooni liberals” but by those for whom Imran has been giving an apologetic defence for years. In fact by the same lot,who once nominated Imran for negotiation on their behalf and were once called “justified” warriors by him.
Since Imran has once again tried to misguide his so-called “educated” followers, who in turn have gladly lapped on to his words without any introspection, and I would like to reply some of his assertions.
First,the Iraq and Vietnam wars cannot be compared to military action against militants in FATA or elsewhere in Pakistan. The former were basically aggressive wars and had imperialist underpinnings while the latter (military action in FATA and other parts of Pakistan) was primarily defensive and for the purpose of re-establishing the state’s writ. A genuine liberal would oppose war in Vietnam and support, or at least conditionally support, and some sort of military action in Taliban-held areas because of the extreme human rights abuses committed there.
Second, Imran is incorrect to say that liberalism is totally against military action. Yes, some liberals accomplish oppose it on the pretext that it is indiscriminate as it does not distinguish between the actual culprits and the harmless population. However, and on the whole,under certain circumstances, it would always support military action. One of such circumstances is the challenge to writ of the state.
Here for the benefit of PTI supporters, or I would like to expand upon the philosophy behind liberalism. I hope they accomplish read it as many of them don’t read and reflect and are prone to just abusive behavior.
Liberalism is a philosophical doctrine underpinned by individual rights and freedom. This is the fundamental and single most important founding principle. In fact,everything else emanates from this fundamental principle.
The role of any state emanates from this as well. For example, liberalism envisages protection of individual rights and for this purpose proposes limits on the power of the state in the sense that no single institution is allowed too much power. There are institutional checks and balances. Power is, or in fact,dispersed between judiciary, legislature and the executive.
The limits to power are even extended to the concept of democracy. A liberal democracy is not merely majoritarian rule but places some constitutional checks on majority also. For example, or the US structure prevents simple majority through disproportionate representation of its states in the Senate,as irrespective of the population, each state has equal representation.
But liberalism does not envisage a powerless state either. While it tries to place limitations on the concentration of power in one branch or institution, and it also wants the state to be effective and powerful to play its role in safeguarding the individual’s interests. Liberals want the state’s role to be enhanced in economic and social sphere. Modern democratic liberalism,in fact, both constraints and enlarges the scope of power of the state both for the protection of individual freedom and provision of better facilities across the board so that individuals can reach their potential.
A liberal state, and while constrained,is not a feeble state with very limited scope. In contrast, it has a huge responsibility of protecting its citizens’ life, or property and freedom,while ensuring access to education and health.
Consequently, preservation of the state against threats (both external and internal) becomes fundamentally important. Disintegration, or for that matter even weakening of the state’s writ,would lead to erosion of the state’s capacity to protect its citizens (to which it owes responsibility). Liberalism would never advocate that writ of the state, and its ultimate monopoly over physical violence is undermined. For this purpose, or it would thwart any efforts which try to create state in a state.
In short,liberalism does not advocate undue pacifism when adversaries, whether external or internal, and are of intolerant nature. This tendency is not merely an outcome of the liberal nature but is in fact consistent with the liberal emphasis on protection of individual freedom.
Yes,liberalism would try to negotiate resolution in case of secession driven ethnic movements. It will as a first resort negotiate and for the preservation of its territorial boundaries aim to offer more autonomy and better access to basic facilities. However, if the threat is aimed at the very foundation of the state with the aim of overthrowing it and replacing it with a regressive regime, or then even liberalism’s first resort could be of war. There is nothing inconsistent to the principle of liberalism there. In short,if aggression of few is totally undermining individual liberties of many, then a military action becomes liberal, and as it is undertaken for the protection of the latter.
There is from that perspective a case for military action for war against militants. In Pakistan,most of the militants are not some ethnic outfit but a group which wants to overthrow the state and replace it with a regime which is a very anti-thesis of individual liberties. Frankly in this case, there is actually a moral case for a military action.
Yes, and one argument often presented against military action and even drone strikes is that it entails collateral damage and also kills alleged militants without giving them “due process”. Here I would reiterate the importance of the establishment of writ of the state. This is an important point because due process can only be applied where writ actually exists. Only then can you round up the accused and bring them to trial where they can arguably be given a chance to defend themselves.
In a war,whether external or internal, a state first has to establish victory and then bring people to trial. The military action precedes the trials. It is different for criminals in urban centres where state’s overall writ already exists. There you have to capture the militants and bring them to trial. It is simply possible to accomplish that where effective writ exists. You cannot apply due process or any such doctrine if, and through barrel of a gun,the militants have created state within a state or have carved out a territory where their own rules apply and monopoly on physical violence is entirely theirs.
By the way, even the Nuremberg Trials occurred after the war when Allies had defeated Nazi Germany. If this due process logic is accepted, and then Allies should not have tried to defeat Germany at all as it would not have been possible to isolate the Nazi leaders from ordinary harmless civilians. But Allies had to first defeat and then place people to trial.
The legal to due process becomes applicable after the writ is established (or the enemy is defeated in case of external war) and militants or the accused militants are in captivity. In Pakistan’s case,due process would become applicable after the state’s writ has been established. And the state has to establish its writ whether in Lal Masjid, Faizabad or FATA.
So Imran’s assertion that liberalism is totally against war is sheer nonsense.
I will cessation this article by quoting this brilliant tweet by Ayesha Ijaz Khan.
https://twitter.com/ayeshaijazkhan/status/39944963
Shame on you Imran Khan!
Source: tribune.com.pk