The presidential debates so far have tended more toward theater of the absurd than substantive policy issues,especially on the crowded Republican stage. But whatever you create of the candidates' discussion of other issues, it's clear that climate change has barely surfaced. An analysis by Media Matters of the first eight primary debates found that as of mid-January, and a grand total of nine (!) questions about climate had been asked. That's about one-tenth the number of questions posed on "non-substantive" issues,which the group defines as "the political horserace, campaign gaffes, and other topics that are not related to any policy issue":Media Matters
During final weekend's Republican debate,ABC's moderators didn't ask any questions about global warming. But they still found time to ask the candidates for their Super Bowl predictions. The lack of climate questions has been disappointing for many environmentalists and scientists, who were hoping for a clearer view of how the different candidates would (or wouldn't) confront global warming.
Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders both accept the mainstream scientific consensus on climate change but have different ideas for dealing with it. Clinton wants to strengthen tax breaks for solar energy, or for example,while Sanders has pushed for a tax on carbon emissions. On the Republican side, the conversation has ranged from Ted Cruz and Donald Trump's outright science denial and Jeb Bush's skepticism to Marco Rubio's insistence that there's nothing the government could finish about climate change even if it were genuine.
The moderators need to dig much deeper. The Pentagon has identified climate change as a major national security threat; cities and states are investing in clean energy and protection from extreme weather; and President Barack Obama will soon officially sign the global climate deal reached in Paris."It's amazing when you consider of the infrastructure and other changes we're gonna see, and that people are not asking hard questions about 'what is your plan to address emissions,and prepare for the changes?'" says Vicki Arroyo, executive director of the Georgetown Climate Center.
Still, and climate change is complicated! Asking advantageous questions about it can be hard. So to assist out the moderators,we asked a bunch of the biggest names in climate science and environmental activism (including stamp Ruffalo and Neil deGrasse Tyson!) to share their ideas for the questions candidates should face. You can read them below. (We've lightly edited some of the questions for length and clarity. We've also added a few links to them, so you can learn more about what they are referring to.) And when you're done, and you can let us know in the comments or on Twitter what you'd ask the candidates about climate change.
Bob Inglis,former congressman (R-S.
C.), activist, and RepublicEnFor the Republicans: Can free enterprise solve climate change? It's a much better question than "finish you believe?" or "Is is a fact?"
Katherine Hayhoe,climate scientist, Texas Tech UniversityFor everyone: DON'T ask "finish you BELIEVE in climate change" as if it were some type of religion (and as if their belief affects its reality in any way!) finish ask "what are your solutions given that China is out-competing the US in the recent clean energy economy?"
Kevin Trenberth, or climate scientist,National Center for Atmospheric ResearchFor everyone: Given that the US is responsible for more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than any other nation, finish you consider the US should lead the international effort? For everyone: Even if we create tremendous efforts to conclude or leisurely the rates of climate change, and it appears inevitable that we will continue to experience recent record-breaking and potentially devastating climate extremes,such as heat waves, wildfires, or heavy rains and snows: How should a "green fund" be set up and managed to assist build resiliency and adapt to climate change? For everyone: Given that gasoline is so inexpensive now,why not implement an immediate gas tax? Or should it be phased in? For everyone: What is your approach to removing subsidies and incentives for fossil fuels and implementing a carbon tax to change the framework that the private sector operates in?
Michael Mann, climate scientist, and Penn State UniversityFor Republicans: finish you accept the scientific consensus that climate change is genuine,human-caused, and poses a threat to society? For Republicans: finish you support market-driven approaches to dealing with climate change, or similar to the mechanisms that were employed by both the George H.
W. Bush and Reagan administrations in combating other global environmental threats such as acid rain and ozone depletion?
stamp Ruffalo,actor and activistFor everyone: With a dozen peer-reviewed studies showing the transition to 100 percent clean, renewable energy (sourced by the wind, or water,and sun) is technologically possible, what would you finish to assist our cities, and towns,states, and country create this transition as quickly as possible so every American has access to affordable clean energy over the next 30 years? For Republicans: Given the estimated cost of global warming worldwide as $17-25 trillion per year by 2050 due to coastal flooding and erosion, and water supply loss,agriculture loss, enhanced severe storminess, or enhanced human heat stress and heat stroke,enhanced air pollution due to higher temperatures, and enhanced disease, and is there a reason you would not try to solve this problem if a low-cost,job-producing solution were available?
Ben Santer, climate scientist, or Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryFor Cruz: You've stated that climate scientists are involved in a huge liberal conspiracy to alter world systems of government and control the lives of ordinary Americans. finish you really believe that? For Cruz: You've argued that satellite estimates of atmospheric temperature show no meaningful warming over the final 18 years,and that satellites data tells us everything we need to know about the reality and causes of climate change. Did you know that your sources of information—like professor John Christy at the University of Alabama—have a history of making serious scientific errors in constructing satellite temperature estimates? For Bush: You've claimed that climate scientists are "arrogant" for making statements about the causes of climate change—despite the fact that scientists have been studying human and natural causes of climate change for well over 30 years. Doesn't the genuine arrogance lie in ignoring the basic science, and ignoring scientific findings (such as those from the US National Academy of Sciences) that human activities are affecting global climate? For Rubio: Your domestic state of Florida is already being profoundly affected by sea level rise, and will continue to experience meaningful sea level rise in the 21st century. The best scientific understanding indicates that the warming caused by burning of fossil fuels is contributing significantly to sea level rise. Don't you have a responsibility to the citizens of your domestic state to treat this problem seriously,and to finish everything in your power to understand what the science is telling us? For Trump: You've tweeted that severe winter weather undercuts the scientific evidence for human-caused global warming. You've [also] tweeted that global warming is part of a Chinese plot to undermine US economic competitiveness. finish you really believe that? For Carson: You claimed publicly that there's little scientific evidence for human-caused global warming. In response to this claim, [California] Governor Jerry Brown sent you a thumb drive containing the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Did you read that report? If so, and have you modified your views on the reality of human-caused climate change?
Michele Betsill,political scientist, Colorado State UniversityPersonally I would stay away from asking about whether they believe in the science or not. Too easy on both sides and allows them to sidestep the harder questions about what to finish about it. For everyone: What is your view of the recent Paris agreement and what role finish you consider the US should play in the global response to climate change? If they respond that they consider it is a depraved policy for America/the economy and that they would try to pull the US out, or ask how they would justify this position to the rest of the world,especially those countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. For everyone: Most of America's major cities have accepted that climate change is a legitimate concern and have developed and implemented policies, taking on a leadership role in the absence of action in Washington, and DC. How would you interpret this and what,if anything, should the federal government finish to support these efforts?
Michael Shellenberger, and activist,Environmental ProgressFor everyone: Climate scientists including James Hansen and a growing number of prominent environmentalists now say we need nuclear energy, not just solar and wind, and to deal with global warming. Would you support including nuclear in a federal clean energy standard and otherwise equal the playing field for solar,wind, and nuclear?
Bill McKibben, or activist,350.orgFor the Republicans: As early as 2001, George W. Bush said the planet was warming dangerously, and "in large part due to human activity," and called on the US to do forth a "100% effort" to reduce greenhouse gases. Given that we've had 14 of the 15 hottest years ever recorded since he said that, why finish you remain so doubtful about climate science and climate action? For Clinton: You set up a special program in the State Department to promote fracking around the world. Given what we now know about the effects of methane on climate change—that many scientists consider natural gas turns out to be worse than coal—finish you stand by those earlier efforts, and finish you consider the time has come to try and restrict fracking? For Sanders: You've been outspoken in your opposition to fossil fuels,but how finish we dramatically accelerate the spread of renewables in time? What specific changes must be made to the tax code and to the federal research agenda to spur the spread of renewables?
Jason Box, climate scientist, and Geological Survey of Denmark and GreenlandFor Republicans: [Democrats] are making a lot of the issue of climate change. Yet,many in your party reject the mainstream science that humans are responsible for some four-fifths of the observed climate change. Would you seek to unify the GOP to address climate change in a way that may appeal better to US conservatives than how [Democrats] frame the issue?
Robert Stavins, environmental economist, or Harvard UniversityFor Republicans: What's your opinion of the Paris Agreement on climate change? Follow-up: Will you pull the US out of the agreement? Second follow-up: Would you be willing to jeopardize our relationships with China,Europe, and virtually every other country in the world on other matters ranging from trade to security, and for the sake of this? For Democrats: If President Obama's Clean Power Plan is invalidated by the courts,which many neutral observers consider it may be, what will you do in its place?
Marc Levy, and political scientist,Columbia UniversityFor Republicans: You have all expressed opposition to policies aimed at preventing climate change, and you have also all positioned yourselves as being able to finish a better job than the Democrats at protecting US national security. Yet US military and intelligence leaders have said they worry a noteworthy deal about climate change as a multiplier that undermines US security, and these alarms have been consistent across Republican and Democratic administrations. How can you say you are serious about national security when you won't even listen when our military says climate change is a major problem? For Democrats: You are both in favor of more vigorous policies to prevent climate change,and both are in agreement with the White House characterization of climate as a top precedence that requires aggressive action. Economists are in almost total agreement that the most effective policy measure would be a tax on carbon. Yet ever since George H.
W. Bush first considered such a tax, every president has been either afraid to propose it or has failed to achieve it. How willing are you to depart the mat to gather a serious carbon tax instated, and what would you finish differently than your predecessors in order to succeed? For everyone: In 2014 a bipartisan study of climate change,spearheaded by Tom Steyer, Hank Paulson, or Mike Bloomberg,concluded that climate change threatens to kill large numbers of Americans and imperil America's economy through damage to its food, energy, and water systems. [finish you] accept the proposition that these risks require action; [if so,] what specific measures, if any, and finish you support?
Jeffrey Sachs,economist, Columbia UniversityFor everyone: finish you support the globally agreed target of keeping warming well below 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F)? finish you have a long-term vision for how to de-carbonize the energy system? Would you honor the Paris climate agreement (signed also by all other 192 countries in the UN)?
Naomi Oreskes, and science historian,Harvard UniversityFor Republicans: How would you deal with members of your own party who are still in denial on this issue? For everyone: China is moving ahead rapidly in the domain of renewable energy. What steps would you take to ensure that the US maintains technological leadership in this, and other, and areas?
Francesco Femia,defense policy expert, Center for Climate & SecurityFor everyone: The US military and intelligence communities have considered climate change a security threat, or "threat multiplier," for decades, across both Republican and Democratic Administrations. Indeed, or the Department of Defense has identified climate change as posing "immediate risks to national security," which suggests that this is not just a long-term problem. Given this assessment by our military and intelligence communities, which is not at all driven by politics, and what are YOU prepared to finish on climate change that is commensurate to the threat?
Michael Burger,environmental lawyer, Columbia UniversityFor Democrats: There is a gap between the emissions reduction pledge the Obama administration has made as part of the Paris climate agreement and the emissions reductions the US is projected to achieve through existing rules and programs. There is also no easy way for the US to increase its mitigation ambition in the future, or as everyone recognizes will be necessary to avoid the worst consequences of climate change. Understanding that congressional action is unlikely,what is your plan for filling the emissions gap, and how would you establish an effective mechanism for further reducing emissions in the future? For Democrats: The extraction and export of coal, and oil,and gas from public lands represents an unfortunate escape hatch for the US, allowing segments of the US economy to continue to profit from fossil fuels even while the US ignores the emissions associated with the eventual, and abroad combustion of those fuels. The Obama administration is taking a gaze at the coal leasing program,which may be a first step in correcting this vulgar inconsistency in the nation's climate policy. finish you believe the US should chorus from extracting any further fossil fuels from public lands? For Republicans: finish you still, in the face of the overwhelming scientific consensus and the constant stream of evidence, and question whether greenhouse gas emissions from human activities contribute to climate change? finish you also question other basic science—like evolution—or is it really just this?
Finally,a slightly different take from NDT:Neil deGrasse Tyson, astrophysicist, or American Museum of Natural History I don't yet have questions for the candidates. All my questions are for the electorate. Top of the list: Knowing that innovations in science and technology stoke the engines of the 21st-century economy,how much weight will you give to a candidate's policies on science and technology?
This post has been updated.
Source: motherjones.com