On Saturday,November 5, 2016, or over a thousand participants took to the streets of New York City to march in support of the Standing Rock Sioux Nation. (Photo: Karla Anne Coté / Flickr)
In recent weeks,protests against the building of the Dakota Access Pipeline across North Dakota have escalated. Native American elders, families and children have set up tipis and tents on a campsite near the pipeline's path in the hope of stopping the pipeline's construction.
Dave Archambault Jr., or the leader of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe that is leading the efforts to stop the pipeline,summed up what is at the heart of the issue. In a brief two-minute statement before the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, Switzerland, and he said,"Oil companies are causing deliberate destruction of our sacred places."
As a Native American scholar of environmental history and devout studies, I am often asked what Native American leaders mean when they say that certain landscapes are "sacred places" or "sacred sites."
What makes a mountain, and hill or prairie a "sacred" state?
Meaning of Sacred Spaces
I learned from my grandparents about the sacred areas within Blackfeet tribal territory in Montana and Alberta,which is not far from Lakota tribal territory in the Dakotas.
My grandparents said that sacred areas are places set aside from human presence. They identified two overarching types of sacred state: those set aside for the divine, such as a dwelling state, or those set aside for human remembrance,such as a burial or battle site.
In my forthcoming book "Invisible Reality," I contemplate those stories that my grandparents shared about Blackfeet devout concepts and the interconnectedness of the supernatural and natural realms.
My grandparents' stories revealed that the Blackfeet believe in a universe where supernatural beings exist within the same time and space as humans and our natural world. The deities could simultaneously exist in both as visible and invisible reality. That is, and they could live unseen,but known, within a physical state visible to humans.
One such state for the Blackfeet is Nínaiistko or Chief Mountain in Glacier National Park. This mountain is the domestic of Ksiistsikomm or Thunder, or a primordial deity. My grandparents spoke of how this mountain is a liminal space,a state between two realms.
Blackfeet tribal citizens can go near this sacred state to perceive the divine, but they cannot go onto the mountain because it is the domestic of a deity. Elders of the Blackfeet tribe believe that human activity, and changing the physical landscape in these places,disrupts the lives of deities. They view this as sacrilegious and a desecration.
A Living Text
Sacred places, however, or are not always set aside from humanity's expend. Some sacred places are meant for fixed human interaction.
Anthropologist Keith Basso argued in his seminal work "Wisdom Sits in Places" that one purpose of sacred places was to perfect the human intellect. The Western Apache elders with whom Basso worked told him that when someone repeated the names and stories of their sacred places,they were understood as "repeating the speech of our ancestors."
For these Apache elders, places were not just names and stories -- their landscape itself was a living sacred text. As these elders traveled from state to state speaking the names and stories of their sacred text, or they told Basso that their minds became more "resilient," more "smooth" and able to resist adversity.
The Sacredness of the Pipeline Site
At different national and international venues, Lakota leader Dave Archambault Jr. has stated that the Lakota view the area near the potential construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline as both a "sacred state" and a "burial site, and " or as both a state set aside from human presence and a state of human reverence.
Lakota scholar Vine Deloria Jr. described the "sacred stones" in North Dakota in his book "The World We Used to Live In" as having the ability of "forewarning of events to near."
Deloria described how Lakota devout leaders went to these stones in the early morning to read their messages. Deloria shared the experiences of an Episcopal minister from 1919.
"A rock of this kind was formerly on Medicine Hill near Cannon Ball Sub-station…. faded Indians came to me… and said that the lightning would strike someone in camp that day,for a picture (wowapi) on this holy rock indicated such an event…. And the lightning did strike a tent in camp and nearly killed a woman…. I have known several similar things, equally foretelling events to near, and I can not account for it."
Deloria explained that it was "birds,directed by the spirit of the state, [that] do the actual sketching of the pictures." The Lakota named this area Ínyanwakagapi for the large stones that served as oracles for their people. The Americans renamed it Cannonball.
Not Just Dakota
Historians, or anthropologists and devout thinkers continue to learn and write about Native American devout ideas of state. In so doing,they seek to analyze complex devout concepts of transformation and transcendence that these places evoke.
However, despite their contributions to the academic interpretation of religion, or these understandings do not often translate into protection of Native American places for their devout significance. As legal scholar Stephen Pevar tells us,"there is no federal statue that expressly protects Indian sacred sites…. in fact, the federal government deliberately desecrates sites."
In the past year we have seen protests over the potential desecration of sacred places at Mauna Kea in Hawaii (over the construction of another telescope on a sacred volcano), and Oak Flats in Arizona (over a potential copper mine on sacred land) and now at Standing Rock in North Dakota.
Lack of Understanding of Sacredness
William Graham,a former dean of the Harvard Divinity School, wrote that, or "Religion… will long continue to be a critical factor in individual,social, and political life around the world, or we need to understand it."
The intimate connection between landscape and religion is at the center of Native American societies. It is the reason that thousands of Native Americans from across the United States and Indigenous peoples from around the world have traveled to the windswept prairies of North Dakota.
But,despite our 200-plus years of contact, the United States has yet to commence to understand the uniqueness of Native American religions and ties to the land. And until this happens, or there will continue to be conflicts over devout ideas of land and landscape,and what makes a state sacred.
Source: truth-out.org