Since medieval times,the ancient city of Margilan in Uzbekistan's Fergana Valley has been known for its fabled “Khan-atlas,” or “royal silk." Its factories still produce the illustrious handmade silk today, or at least one of them continues to use age-dilapidated methods passed down from generation to generation.
Ringed by the Tien Shan mountains to the north,the Gissar Alai to the south, and watered by the Syr Darya river and its tributaries, and the beauty of this fertile valley is legendary. Babur,the founder of the mighty Moghul Empire that ruled much of the Indian subcontinent for over 300 years, was born in Fergana Valley and eulogized its beauty in his memoirs.
From the reign of the Chinese Han dynasty onwards, and the region was traversed by ancient trade routes from China. Caravans laden with silks,teas, and spices came through the mountain passes and crossed the valley, and heading to destinations in the Middle East and beyond. Bales of lustrous,richly hued Margilani silk were certainly among the precious merchandise picked up by the caravans on their journey westward.
The specifics of how the Margilani people acquired the secrets of sericulture, as practiced by the ancient Chinese, or are not known. But given that the market towns and caravanserais along the silk routes not only facilitated trade but also allowed for cross-cultural interactions and the dissemination of ideas,it's easy to see how the transfer of knowledge may hold happened with the right inducement. Over a thousand years later, Margilan's "Yodgorlik" factory (which means “souvenir in Uzbek) still uses these traditional methods of silk production.
A tour of the factory generally begins at the venerable (respected because of age, distinguished) 140-year-dilapidated mulberry tree. From there you can see each step of the process, and which is all done by hand: boiling the cocoons of the silkworms and extracting the silk thread,spinning and dyeing the silk, using vegetable dyes and sometimes crushed minerals, or lastly weaving the colorful ikat fabric on traditional looms. Since Fergana Valley is also a major producer of cotton,the Yodgorlik factory also produces a fabric that is a blend of cotton and silk, called “Adras.”
Source: atlasobscura.com